Summary:
This article is part of a series aimed at helping our readers understand, choose, and install their own photovoltaic solar systems. It explains how to determine the optimal tilt angle for solar panels based on geographical location and the nature of the project.
Introduction:
In a previous article, we discussed the azimuth angle of solar panels and how to determine geographic north and south. The next step is determining the tilt angle.
Tilt Angle:
The tilt angle refers to the angle the solar panel forms with the horizon, and it plays a key role in maximizing solar radiation. The best power output occurs when the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the panel surface.
Since the Earth’s position relative to the sun isn’t constant, and the sun’s height in the sky varies between summer and winter, it’s impossible to maintain perpendicular sunlight on the panels without an expensive solar tracking system. This raises the question: How is the tilt angle determined?
Typically, solar panels are installed at the optimal tilt angle, which provides maximum power output over the course of the year. This angle roughly corresponds to the location’s latitude. For example, the optimal tilt angle for Damascus, located at 33.3° N, is approximately 32°.
For precise determination, simulation software like PVsyst can be used to calculate the optimal tilt angle and the potential power loss when deviating from it.
Is this angle always the best for installation?
The actual tilt angle may vary based on the designer’s experience, system requirements, and specific cases such as limited space or aesthetic preferences, as detailed in several examples below.
- Limited Space: To avoid shading between rows of panels in winter, a smaller tilt angle is used, as shading losses would outweigh the losses from reducing the tilt angle.
- Installing on Sloped Roofs: It is more economical and aesthetically pleasing to match the tilt angle with the roof’s slope.
- Seasonal Loads: For maximum power in winter, the tilt angle should be increased by about 15°; for maximum power in summer, it should be decreased by 15°.
The cost of metal structures and wind effects may also play a role in tilt angle determination.
Conclusion:
Determining the tilt angle requires a careful study of the load characteristics, site restrictions, and the effects of shading on the performance of the panel. The issue can be summarized in that the solar technician must discuss and consult with the consumer and the technician to reach the best result according to the restrictions and conditions required by the site because it is the master of the situation. Of course, one of the specialized programs is used in this.
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